99%. Peet, and A. Ladwig. 1922. Definition of the (DD) category revised in 2006. Males of a closely related species (B. terrestris) have been estimated to fly between 2.6 and 9.9 km from the colony of origin (Kraus et al. Based on data from 56 sites from 1900–1999 and 2000–2007, B. affinis declined in distribution by 33%. Gels, J.A., D.W. Held, and D.A. Shipp, J.L., G.H. The genus Bombus Latreille 1802 (=Bumble Bees) includes approximately 250 species found primarily in temperate regions of North America, Central America, South America, Europe and Asia. Is there a projected continuing decline in number of locations? Journal of Kansas Entomological Society 76:357–384. Colors refer to “hair” colors. Are urban parks refuges for bumblebees Bombus spp. Photograph of female worker specimen collected at Pinery Provincial Park, Ontario, 2009, Figure 2. 1983. Apidologie 32:305–321. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Southern Ontario and Quebec also have a large percentage of land used for intensive agriculture. Diploid males are usually sterile or inviable. Bombus ashtoni is a naturally occurring social parasite which has not been seen anywhere for approximately 10 years, and is unlikely to have been a factor in the decline of B. affinis. are rich in pollen and nectar and likely provide important forage habitat in agricultural areas. In Canada, no – only one location. The collection at Cornell University has specimens of B. affinis from New Brunswick county in New Jersey. Status history Designated Endangered in April 2010. In southern Ontario: its role in pollinating and factors affecting it. The rapid decline of B. affinis and other members of the subgenus Bombus s.str. Goulson, D., M.E. Their physiological ability to thermoregulate to temperatures above ambient temperatures allows them to adapt to the colder climates at the northern edge of their range. Specimen collected in 1971 at 1000 islands, Ontario, Figure 4. Influences on the density and dispersion of bumble bee nests (Hymenoptera:Apidae). Brown. 2000. 2005b. Historic distribution of Bombus affinis, Figure 5. Crone, T.H. The total number of individuals remains unknown, although is certainly very small and probably less than the 2,500 threshold for endangered but this cannot be stated with certainty. ... Ground-nesting social insect whose colony cycle lasts only one season, common throughout the northeastern United States and parts of Canada. Like other sympatric bumble bees, B. affinis suffers from social parasites, where females enter the colony, kill the queen and lay eggs cared for by the remaining workers. Bumble bees have the rare physiological capability (among insects) to thermoregulate (Heinrich 2004). Map is based on A Monograph of the Western Hemisphere Bumblebees by Milliron (1971) as presented in Evans et al. Environment Canada, Ottawa. Science 277:504–509. Cresson, E.T. These reproductive individuals leave the nest and mate. Order: Hymenoptera. Is there a projected continuing decline in number of populations? Biological Conservation 7:301–309. Males and workers have a second abdominal segment that is half reddish–brown and half yellow. It is a medium to large–sized bumble bee with several distinguishing characters. The Rusty–patched Bumble Bee is listed on the Xerces Society’s red–list of pollinator insects as ‘Imperiled’. Behavioural modifications (such as ceasing foraging mid–day in hot weather and fanning of the colony) also aid in temperature regulation. Pywell, C.D. Vermont Center for Ecostudies. Figure divided into 100 x 100 km grid cells. Subgenus Bombus, Canadian Entomologist 100: 156–164. Symbols:  Urban garden   Urban Park   Agricultural field   Sand dune/Beach   Marsh/Bog   Forest   Old Field/Meadow. Thorp, R.W. Parton and M.J. Matteson, K.C., J.S.Ascher and G.A.Langellotto. Are there extreme fluctuations in number of locations. Oryx 41:79–88. The female stinging apparatus and warning colouration provide protection against some predators and humans. These plants are likely among those included in Appendix 1 but other, unrecorded host plant species, may also be negatively impacted by declines in B. affinis populations. These reproductive individuals leave the colony and mate. Gadau and R.E.J. 1975). Compared to some other bumble bees, B. affinis seems to be relatively cold–tolerant and has been found at elevations as high as 1676 m in the southern parts of its range (Canadian National Collection). No good quality images of living Canadian specimens are known for any sex or caste. This is due to the ‘diploid male extinction vortex’ (Zayed and Packer 2005). 2001. This means that as bumble bee populations decrease in size, the frequency of diploid males increases. Journal of Animal Ecology 78:247–252. Raccoons, skunks and other mammals have also been known to eat bumble bee colonies (Breed et al. Unknown, but averaged over the past 30 years the decline would likely have exceeded 30% per decade. Occasionally, B. affinis nests are found above ground, in one incidence inside an abandoned armchair (Macfarlane 1974). Hymenoptera collected near Boston, Mass., with description of a variety of Bombus affinis. Uptake, translocation and metabolism of imidacloprid in plants. Detecting the effects of introduced species: a case study of competition between Apis and Bombus. August 2009. Bombus affinis is a typical primitively eusocial ( i.e., it has queen and worker castes where the workers are the offspring of the queen) bumble bee with annual colonies ( i.e., one year = one generation). It also infects Bombus terrestris (L.) and other Bombus species, Apis mellifera (L.) and Apisflorea (F.). No practical or legal protection exists in Canada or the USA. 2008). Compared to most other insects, bumble bees are quite easily found and identified in the field. Thesis University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada. Landscape and Urban Planning 71: 137–146. Box 3443, Stn. Use of genetic markers to quantify bumblebee foraging range and nest density. It is threatened by disease, pesticides, and habitat fragmentation, each of which could cause extirpation in the near future. Biological Conservation 109:37–45. Using randomization software (Zayed and Grixti 2005), it was determined that by collecting 150 individual bumble bees at each site, there would be a less than 5% chance of missing B. affinis if it was present at historical abundances. Bombus affinis is a typical primitively eusocial (i.e., it has queen and worker castes where the workers are the offspring of the queen) bumble bee with annual colonies (i.e., one year = one generation). Notes on the nesting habits of some of the less common New England bumblebees. Passive dispersal of B. affinis by anthropogenic or other means is unlikely. Queens are large (~2 cm in length) with yellow pile on the thorax and first two abdominal terga (Figure 3). Mated queens emerge from hibernation in the spring after overwintering and begin feeding. Google Arts & Culture features content from over 2000 leading museums and archives who have partnered with the Google Cultural Institute to bring the world's treasures online. The largest colony recorded produced 2,100 individuals in captivity (MacFarlane 1974) but in the wild, colonies are likely much smaller. 2000. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102(30):10742–10746. Family: Apidae. Entomological Society of America, Lanham, MD. The long colony cycle of this species makes it likely to be the primary pollinator for many ecologically and economically important plants (including apple, raspberry, lilac, honeysuckle, hawthorn, nightshade, clover, milkweed, goldenrod and aster). 1995). Mated new queens go into hibernation while all other castes perish. 2006 Genetic sex determination and extinction Trends in Ecology and Evolution 21:55–57. Historically, B. affinis was found throughout the upper Midwest and Northeastern United States. 1975. New queens and drones can be found from late June to September. A male was collected in Pinery Provincial Park in August 2005. Figure 1. Thompson, H.M. and L.V. Discover Life species page Encyclopedia of Life species account Xerces Society species account and pocket ID card. Bequaert, J. Current Biology 18:R682–R683. vi + 34 pp. Given the species’ previously wide distribution in southern Ontario and just across the border in Quebec, its reduction to a single known site would indicate a reduction in EO, IAO and population size of at least two orders of magnitude. In particular, it has been shown to be an excellent pollinator of cranberry (Cane and Schiffauer 2003), plum and apple (Medler and Carney 1963), alfalfa (Holm 1966), and onion (Caron et al. Substrate cycling of fructose 6-phosphate through reactions catalysed by phosphofructokinase and fructose diphosphatase was estimated in bumble-bee (Bombus affinis) flight muscle in vivo. Williams, P.H. © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2010. Smith, S.M. List of the North American species of Bombus and Apathus. Biodiversity and Conservation 17:1379–1391. Sites where Bombus affinis was found historically in Canada, Status review of three formerly common species of bumblebee in the subgenus Bombus (, Subgenus Bombus. Benton, T. 2006. Are there extreme fluctuations in number of populations? Effects of novel pesticides on bumble bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colony health and foraging ability. Designations are made on native species for the following taxonomic groups: mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fishes, arthropods, molluscs, vascular plants, mosses, and lichens. 7-Scutacarus acarorum Bombus affinis lateral mesosoma BMOC-15-0606-023.jpg 1,200 × 1,206; 807 KB Habitat use and conservation of bumblebees (Bombus spp.) Murray, R.J. Paxton, J. Breen, D. Cotton, V. Santorum, and M.J.F. Stage 1, the queen emerges from hibernation and starts new colony by herself.. FEATURES. A thorough study of bumble bee floral host use indicated B. affinis visits at least 65 plant genera (Macfarlane 1974). As the summer progresses, the colony reaches maximum worker production and begins producing males and potential queens. List of forage plant species for B. affinis as compiled in Evans, Appendix 2. 2004; Brimble et al. Members of the subgenus Bombus have evolved a behavioural adaptation known as ‘nectar–robbing’. Shepherd. Bumble bees gather pollen and nectar from a variety of flowering plants. : 819–953–3215 Fax: 819–994–3684 E–mailWebsite. The remaining abdominal segments are completely black. 1927. Canadian Journal of Fish and Aquatic Sciences 61:147–158. There are no data on overwintering habitat for B. affinis but mated queens likely burrow underground, or in rotting logs as do queens of other Bombus species (Macfarlane 1974). Eggs hatch after approximately four days and the small larvae begins to feed on pollen and nectar. 2007. Black. Pupae develop for another two weeks before hatching as full–sized adults. Ecological and life history traits predict bee species responses to environmental disturbances. Mated queens emerge from hibernation in the spring after overwintering and begin feeding. Shared use of flowers leads to horizontal pathogen transmission. Ecology of Bombinae (Hymenoptera: Apidae) of Southern Ontario, with emphasis on their natural enemies and relationships with flowers. Colla, S.R. Zayed, A. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 94:1–11. ‘Pollen–storing’ adults emerge relatively equal in size compared to ‘pocket–making’ bumble bee species, in which workers vary greatly in size due to unequal food distribution within the brood clumps. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 101:880–886. Bregazzi, V., and T. Laverty. Canadian Journal of Zoology–Revue Canadienne De Zoologie 70:1263–1266. comm. Suitable nesting, hibernating and foraging habitat is possibly difficult to find in these regions and is likely in short supply. Funding was provided by Environment Canada. 2008 Does Pathogen Spillover from Commercially Reared Bumble Bees Threaten Wild Pollinators? Laverty, T. Personal communication, 2002. 2004). Comparison of the relative abundance of each bumble bee species collected in Southern Ontario from 1971–1973, Appendix 1. Thomson. Thank you also to the various museum curators for allowing me to examine specimens, especially Steve Marshall at U. of Guelph and Ontario Parks for support during fieldwork. Southern Ontario is the most densely populated region in Canada and thus has much urban sprawl. The number of sex alleles in a population determines the proportion of diploids that are male and is itself determined primarily by the effective size of the population. Given that bumble bees fly in the spring and fall in temperate regions, this internal temperature can be well above ambient temperature. 2007; Evans et al. Fisher, R.M. It is a medium to large-sized bumble bee with several distinguishing characters. Minckley, L. Packer and S.G. Potts. Effective population size of Hymenoptera with complementary sex determination. The neonicotinoids are now commonly used in regions of eastern North America for crop, forest and turf pest control (Cox 2001). Parasites found in commercial colonies have been found in species other than B. impatiens (Macfarlane 1974; Macfarlane et al. See Appendix 2 for list of numbered sites. Very little is known about mating behaviour and colony dynamics in B. affinis. and D.W. Carney. Papadopoulos. 7). REG2001–11. It arose from the need for a single, official, scientifically sound, national listing of wildlife species at risk. There is no reason to consider this species as representing more than one designatable unit. Native bumble bees which may be possible competitors of B. affinis include B. impatiens, B. bimaculatus, B. rufocinctus, B. griseocollis. Climatic variables such as snow cover, precipitation, growing season length, etc., are likely important determinants of suitable habitat for bumble bees. Preston and D. Goulson. 2006. 2004. Cox, C. 2001. Grixti, J.C., L.T.Wong, S.A. Cameron and C. Favret. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), U.S.A. 1994. Reason for designation This species, which has a distinctive colour pattern, was once commonly found throughout southern Ontario. Kirilenko, A., and R.S. In conclusion, Mitchell (1962) likely gave the province of New Brunswick in error and the specimens he was referring to are likely from New Brunswick county in New Jersey, USA. Xerces Society of Invertebrate Conservation Red List Status: ‘Imperiled’ = “At high risk of extinction due to very restricted range, very few populations (often 20 or fewer), steep declines, or other factors”. Pathogen spillover occurs when pathogens spread from a heavily infected ‘reservoir’ host population to a sympatric ‘non–reservoir’ host population (Power and Mitchell 2004). N. bombi was distinguished from A'. They can thus obtain nectar in the absence of floral hosts to which their tongue length is more closely adapted. Report on 2005 Season (Submitted 7 November 2005). 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Definition of the (DD) category revised in 2006. Males of a closely related species (B. terrestris) have been estimated to fly between 2.6 and 9.9 km from the colony of origin (Kraus et al. Based on data from 56 sites from 1900–1999 and 2000–2007, B. affinis declined in distribution by 33%. Gels, J.A., D.W. Held, and D.A. Shipp, J.L., G.H. The genus Bombus Latreille 1802 (=Bumble Bees) includes approximately 250 species found primarily in temperate regions of North America, Central America, South America, Europe and Asia. Is there a projected continuing decline in number of locations? Journal of Kansas Entomological Society 76:357–384. Colors refer to “hair” colors. Are urban parks refuges for bumblebees Bombus spp. Photograph of female worker specimen collected at Pinery Provincial Park, Ontario, 2009, Figure 2. 1983. Apidologie 32:305–321. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Southern Ontario and Quebec also have a large percentage of land used for intensive agriculture. Diploid males are usually sterile or inviable. Bombus ashtoni is a naturally occurring social parasite which has not been seen anywhere for approximately 10 years, and is unlikely to have been a factor in the decline of B. affinis. are rich in pollen and nectar and likely provide important forage habitat in agricultural areas. In Canada, no – only one location. The collection at Cornell University has specimens of B. affinis from New Brunswick county in New Jersey. Status history Designated Endangered in April 2010. In southern Ontario: its role in pollinating and factors affecting it. The rapid decline of B. affinis and other members of the subgenus Bombus s.str. Goulson, D., M.E. Their physiological ability to thermoregulate to temperatures above ambient temperatures allows them to adapt to the colder climates at the northern edge of their range. Specimen collected in 1971 at 1000 islands, Ontario, Figure 4. Influences on the density and dispersion of bumble bee nests (Hymenoptera:Apidae). Brown. 2000. 2005b. Historic distribution of Bombus affinis, Figure 5. Crone, T.H. The total number of individuals remains unknown, although is certainly very small and probably less than the 2,500 threshold for endangered but this cannot be stated with certainty. ... Ground-nesting social insect whose colony cycle lasts only one season, common throughout the northeastern United States and parts of Canada. Like other sympatric bumble bees, B. affinis suffers from social parasites, where females enter the colony, kill the queen and lay eggs cared for by the remaining workers. Bumble bees have the rare physiological capability (among insects) to thermoregulate (Heinrich 2004). Map is based on A Monograph of the Western Hemisphere Bumblebees by Milliron (1971) as presented in Evans et al. Environment Canada, Ottawa. Science 277:504–509. Cresson, E.T. These reproductive individuals leave the nest and mate. Order: Hymenoptera. Is there a projected continuing decline in number of populations? Biological Conservation 7:301–309. Males and workers have a second abdominal segment that is half reddish–brown and half yellow. It is a medium to large–sized bumble bee with several distinguishing characters. The Rusty–patched Bumble Bee is listed on the Xerces Society’s red–list of pollinator insects as ‘Imperiled’. Behavioural modifications (such as ceasing foraging mid–day in hot weather and fanning of the colony) also aid in temperature regulation. Pywell, C.D. Vermont Center for Ecostudies. Figure divided into 100 x 100 km grid cells. Subgenus Bombus, Canadian Entomologist 100: 156–164. Symbols:  Urban garden   Urban Park   Agricultural field   Sand dune/Beach   Marsh/Bog   Forest   Old Field/Meadow. Thorp, R.W. Parton and M.J. Matteson, K.C., J.S.Ascher and G.A.Langellotto. Are there extreme fluctuations in number of locations. Oryx 41:79–88. The female stinging apparatus and warning colouration provide protection against some predators and humans. These plants are likely among those included in Appendix 1 but other, unrecorded host plant species, may also be negatively impacted by declines in B. affinis populations. These reproductive individuals leave the colony and mate. Gadau and R.E.J. 1975). Compared to some other bumble bees, B. affinis seems to be relatively cold–tolerant and has been found at elevations as high as 1676 m in the southern parts of its range (Canadian National Collection). No good quality images of living Canadian specimens are known for any sex or caste. This is due to the ‘diploid male extinction vortex’ (Zayed and Packer 2005). 2001. This means that as bumble bee populations decrease in size, the frequency of diploid males increases. Journal of Animal Ecology 78:247–252. Raccoons, skunks and other mammals have also been known to eat bumble bee colonies (Breed et al. Unknown, but averaged over the past 30 years the decline would likely have exceeded 30% per decade. Occasionally, B. affinis nests are found above ground, in one incidence inside an abandoned armchair (Macfarlane 1974). Hymenoptera collected near Boston, Mass., with description of a variety of Bombus affinis. Uptake, translocation and metabolism of imidacloprid in plants. Detecting the effects of introduced species: a case study of competition between Apis and Bombus. August 2009. Bombus affinis is a typical primitively eusocial ( i.e., it has queen and worker castes where the workers are the offspring of the queen) bumble bee with annual colonies ( i.e., one year = one generation). It also infects Bombus terrestris (L.) and other Bombus species, Apis mellifera (L.) and Apisflorea (F.). No practical or legal protection exists in Canada or the USA. 2008). Compared to most other insects, bumble bees are quite easily found and identified in the field. Thesis University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada. Landscape and Urban Planning 71: 137–146. Box 3443, Stn. Use of genetic markers to quantify bumblebee foraging range and nest density. It is threatened by disease, pesticides, and habitat fragmentation, each of which could cause extirpation in the near future. Biological Conservation 109:37–45. Using randomization software (Zayed and Grixti 2005), it was determined that by collecting 150 individual bumble bees at each site, there would be a less than 5% chance of missing B. affinis if it was present at historical abundances. Bombus affinis is a typical primitively eusocial (i.e., it has queen and worker castes where the workers are the offspring of the queen) bumble bee with annual colonies (i.e., one year = one generation). Notes on the nesting habits of some of the less common New England bumblebees. Passive dispersal of B. affinis by anthropogenic or other means is unlikely. Queens are large (~2 cm in length) with yellow pile on the thorax and first two abdominal terga (Figure 3). Mated queens emerge from hibernation in the spring after overwintering and begin feeding. Google Arts & Culture features content from over 2000 leading museums and archives who have partnered with the Google Cultural Institute to bring the world's treasures online. The largest colony recorded produced 2,100 individuals in captivity (MacFarlane 1974) but in the wild, colonies are likely much smaller. 2000. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102(30):10742–10746. Family: Apidae. Entomological Society of America, Lanham, MD. The long colony cycle of this species makes it likely to be the primary pollinator for many ecologically and economically important plants (including apple, raspberry, lilac, honeysuckle, hawthorn, nightshade, clover, milkweed, goldenrod and aster). 1995). Mated new queens go into hibernation while all other castes perish. 2006 Genetic sex determination and extinction Trends in Ecology and Evolution 21:55–57. Historically, B. affinis was found throughout the upper Midwest and Northeastern United States. 1975. New queens and drones can be found from late June to September. A male was collected in Pinery Provincial Park in August 2005. Figure 1. Thompson, H.M. and L.V. Discover Life species page Encyclopedia of Life species account Xerces Society species account and pocket ID card. Bequaert, J. Current Biology 18:R682–R683. vi + 34 pp. Given the species’ previously wide distribution in southern Ontario and just across the border in Quebec, its reduction to a single known site would indicate a reduction in EO, IAO and population size of at least two orders of magnitude. In particular, it has been shown to be an excellent pollinator of cranberry (Cane and Schiffauer 2003), plum and apple (Medler and Carney 1963), alfalfa (Holm 1966), and onion (Caron et al. Substrate cycling of fructose 6-phosphate through reactions catalysed by phosphofructokinase and fructose diphosphatase was estimated in bumble-bee (Bombus affinis) flight muscle in vivo. Williams, P.H. © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2010. Smith, S.M. List of the North American species of Bombus and Apathus. Biodiversity and Conservation 17:1379–1391. Sites where Bombus affinis was found historically in Canada, Status review of three formerly common species of bumblebee in the subgenus Bombus (, Subgenus Bombus. Benton, T. 2006. Are there extreme fluctuations in number of populations? Effects of novel pesticides on bumble bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colony health and foraging ability. Designations are made on native species for the following taxonomic groups: mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fishes, arthropods, molluscs, vascular plants, mosses, and lichens. 7-Scutacarus acarorum Bombus affinis lateral mesosoma BMOC-15-0606-023.jpg 1,200 × 1,206; 807 KB Habitat use and conservation of bumblebees (Bombus spp.) Murray, R.J. Paxton, J. Breen, D. Cotton, V. Santorum, and M.J.F. Stage 1, the queen emerges from hibernation and starts new colony by herself.. FEATURES. A thorough study of bumble bee floral host use indicated B. affinis visits at least 65 plant genera (Macfarlane 1974). As the summer progresses, the colony reaches maximum worker production and begins producing males and potential queens. List of forage plant species for B. affinis as compiled in Evans, Appendix 2. 2004; Brimble et al. Members of the subgenus Bombus have evolved a behavioural adaptation known as ‘nectar–robbing’. Shepherd. Bumble bees gather pollen and nectar from a variety of flowering plants. : 819–953–3215 Fax: 819–994–3684 E–mailWebsite. The remaining abdominal segments are completely black. 1927. Canadian Journal of Fish and Aquatic Sciences 61:147–158. There are no data on overwintering habitat for B. affinis but mated queens likely burrow underground, or in rotting logs as do queens of other Bombus species (Macfarlane 1974). Eggs hatch after approximately four days and the small larvae begins to feed on pollen and nectar. 2007. Black. Pupae develop for another two weeks before hatching as full–sized adults. Ecological and life history traits predict bee species responses to environmental disturbances. Mated queens emerge from hibernation in the spring after overwintering and begin feeding. Shared use of flowers leads to horizontal pathogen transmission. Ecology of Bombinae (Hymenoptera: Apidae) of Southern Ontario, with emphasis on their natural enemies and relationships with flowers. Colla, S.R. Zayed, A. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 94:1–11. ‘Pollen–storing’ adults emerge relatively equal in size compared to ‘pocket–making’ bumble bee species, in which workers vary greatly in size due to unequal food distribution within the brood clumps. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 101:880–886. Bregazzi, V., and T. Laverty. Canadian Journal of Zoology–Revue Canadienne De Zoologie 70:1263–1266. comm. Suitable nesting, hibernating and foraging habitat is possibly difficult to find in these regions and is likely in short supply. Funding was provided by Environment Canada. 2008 Does Pathogen Spillover from Commercially Reared Bumble Bees Threaten Wild Pollinators? Laverty, T. Personal communication, 2002. 2004). Comparison of the relative abundance of each bumble bee species collected in Southern Ontario from 1971–1973, Appendix 1. Thomson. Thank you also to the various museum curators for allowing me to examine specimens, especially Steve Marshall at U. of Guelph and Ontario Parks for support during fieldwork. Southern Ontario is the most densely populated region in Canada and thus has much urban sprawl. The number of sex alleles in a population determines the proportion of diploids that are male and is itself determined primarily by the effective size of the population. Given that bumble bees fly in the spring and fall in temperate regions, this internal temperature can be well above ambient temperature. 2007; Evans et al. Fisher, R.M. It is a medium to large-sized bumble bee with several distinguishing characters. Minckley, L. Packer and S.G. Potts. Effective population size of Hymenoptera with complementary sex determination. The neonicotinoids are now commonly used in regions of eastern North America for crop, forest and turf pest control (Cox 2001). Parasites found in commercial colonies have been found in species other than B. impatiens (Macfarlane 1974; Macfarlane et al. See Appendix 2 for list of numbered sites. Very little is known about mating behaviour and colony dynamics in B. affinis. and D.W. Carney. Papadopoulos. 7). REG2001–11. It arose from the need for a single, official, scientifically sound, national listing of wildlife species at risk. There is no reason to consider this species as representing more than one designatable unit. Native bumble bees which may be possible competitors of B. affinis include B. impatiens, B. bimaculatus, B. rufocinctus, B. griseocollis. Climatic variables such as snow cover, precipitation, growing season length, etc., are likely important determinants of suitable habitat for bumble bees. Preston and D. Goulson. 2006. 2004. Cox, C. 2001. Grixti, J.C., L.T.Wong, S.A. Cameron and C. Favret. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), U.S.A. 1994. Reason for designation This species, which has a distinctive colour pattern, was once commonly found throughout southern Ontario. Kirilenko, A., and R.S. In conclusion, Mitchell (1962) likely gave the province of New Brunswick in error and the specimens he was referring to are likely from New Brunswick county in New Jersey, USA. Xerces Society of Invertebrate Conservation Red List Status: ‘Imperiled’ = “At high risk of extinction due to very restricted range, very few populations (often 20 or fewer), steep declines, or other factors”. Pathogen spillover occurs when pathogens spread from a heavily infected ‘reservoir’ host population to a sympatric ‘non–reservoir’ host population (Power and Mitchell 2004). N. bombi was distinguished from A'. They can thus obtain nectar in the absence of floral hosts to which their tongue length is more closely adapted. Report on 2005 Season (Submitted 7 November 2005). This bee was once commonly distributed throughout the east and upper Midwest of the United States, but has declined from an estimated 87% of its historic range in recent years. A rust-red patch on the thorax and first two abdominal terga ( 3... For designation this species is controversial, the status of B. affinis ( such as large bombus affinis life cycle size, frequency... Suffered the declines noted anecdotally evidence for a single queen and workers have been carried out throughout the,. Endangered Our food supply develop for another two weeks of June ( Lui 1973 ) a! ’ s bumblebee, Bombus spp. ) official, scientifically sound, National listing of species! To be assessed under a rigorous and independent scientific process of area occupancy! N, Y. Toquenaga and K. Goka Majesty the queen ’ s initial egg–laying, female workers and... Of the bumblebees ( Bombus spp. ) publication and for this report may be possible competitors B.. 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bombus affinis life cycle

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The rusty patched, like other bumble bees, live in colonies composed of a single queen and female workers. Foraging behavior of bumblebees (Bombus impatiens, Bombus vagans, Bombus affinis) on false foxglove (Aureolaria pedicularia). Dose–response relationships between pollination and fruiting refine pollinator comparisons for cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon). It needs a constant supply and diversity of flowers blooming throughout the colony’s long life, April through September. Its historical range in North America has be… The distribution and decline of British bumblebees (Bombus Latr.) 2002; Morandin and Winston 2003). 2003. Bee World 67:50–61. Bombus affinis has been recorded across Eastern North America from the Dakotas in the west, to Ontario and Quebec in the north and south to Georgia (Figure 4; Milliron 1971). Biological Conservation 142:75–84. The decline of the bumble bees and cuckoo bees (Hymenoptera : Apidae : Bombini) of Western and Central Europe. * Formerly described as “Vulnerable” from 1990 to 1999, or “Rare” prior to 1990. Insecticide factsheet: Imidacloprid. She forages for pollen and nectar, lays eggs, tends her larvae and defends her nest. Her dissertation examines changes in bumble bee communities over the past century and looks into some of the causes for observed declines. Pathogen Spillover in Disease Epidemics. Figure 4. Hanley, B. Darvill, J.S. Media in category "Bombus affinis" The following 29 files are in this category, out of 29 total. The timing of the colony cycle can vary year to year with seasonal variation and latitude. 2005. Kevan, P.G. 2004; Power and Mitchell 2004) but is a poorly understood threat for bumble bees. Latreille, 1802 (Apidae: Apinae: Bombini) (, Bumble bees – and their decline in Britain. Jul 24, 2019 - Citizen scientists wanted to photograph rare rusty patch bumble bee on wild bergamot. 2. 2001. The collections surveyed for that publication and for this report did not yield a single specimen from any province other than QC and ON. 1973. 2008. 2). [Observed, estimated, inferred, or suspected] percent [reduction or increase] in total number of mature individuals over the last [10 years, or 3 generations]. Savard, M. personal communication. Notes on the nesting habits of several North American bumblebees. Sites were surveyed in June 2008 by S. Colla in southern and central New Brunswick for the purposes of this report, without any specimens of the species being detected. Prepared for the Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. 2007. In Quebec the species has been confirmed from Gatineau and Montréal. Southern Ontario in particular has been the region where many studies of bumble bee ecology have been performed (e.g., Macfarlane 1975). 1. Caux. She looks for a suitable nest site underground, often a small mammal burrow. Brimble, S., P. Bacchus, and P.–Y. Surveys have been carried out throughout the U.S. and Canadian range of B. affinis to determine whether populations have suffered the declines noted anecdotally. 2003. Imidacloprid. They are able to generate heat in their thoracic muscles, by shivering, to reach the required minimum temperature for flight (approx. Hunt. 1994. For the purposes of this report, the historical Canadian range for this species does not include New Brunswick despite the distribution data suggested by Mitchell (1962). 2004. A monograph of the western hemisphere bumblebees(Hymenoptera: Apidae; Bombinae). Smart, R.F. Community and Ecosystem Ecology 32:555–563. None of the other members of this subgenus has these colour patterns. No individuals of this species were found (from Colla and Packer 2008). (1986). Williams, N. 2008 Bee fears heighten. Inferred percent reduction in total number of mature, Not known with certainty but: minimum averaged over last three ten–year time periods 33% maximum >99%. Peet, and A. Ladwig. 1922. Definition of the (DD) category revised in 2006. Males of a closely related species (B. terrestris) have been estimated to fly between 2.6 and 9.9 km from the colony of origin (Kraus et al. Based on data from 56 sites from 1900–1999 and 2000–2007, B. affinis declined in distribution by 33%. Gels, J.A., D.W. Held, and D.A. Shipp, J.L., G.H. The genus Bombus Latreille 1802 (=Bumble Bees) includes approximately 250 species found primarily in temperate regions of North America, Central America, South America, Europe and Asia. Is there a projected continuing decline in number of locations? Journal of Kansas Entomological Society 76:357–384. Colors refer to “hair” colors. Are urban parks refuges for bumblebees Bombus spp. Photograph of female worker specimen collected at Pinery Provincial Park, Ontario, 2009, Figure 2. 1983. Apidologie 32:305–321. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Southern Ontario and Quebec also have a large percentage of land used for intensive agriculture. Diploid males are usually sterile or inviable. Bombus ashtoni is a naturally occurring social parasite which has not been seen anywhere for approximately 10 years, and is unlikely to have been a factor in the decline of B. affinis. are rich in pollen and nectar and likely provide important forage habitat in agricultural areas. In Canada, no – only one location. The collection at Cornell University has specimens of B. affinis from New Brunswick county in New Jersey. Status history Designated Endangered in April 2010. In southern Ontario: its role in pollinating and factors affecting it. The rapid decline of B. affinis and other members of the subgenus Bombus s.str. Goulson, D., M.E. Their physiological ability to thermoregulate to temperatures above ambient temperatures allows them to adapt to the colder climates at the northern edge of their range. Specimen collected in 1971 at 1000 islands, Ontario, Figure 4. Influences on the density and dispersion of bumble bee nests (Hymenoptera:Apidae). Brown. 2000. 2005b. Historic distribution of Bombus affinis, Figure 5. Crone, T.H. The total number of individuals remains unknown, although is certainly very small and probably less than the 2,500 threshold for endangered but this cannot be stated with certainty. ... Ground-nesting social insect whose colony cycle lasts only one season, common throughout the northeastern United States and parts of Canada. Like other sympatric bumble bees, B. affinis suffers from social parasites, where females enter the colony, kill the queen and lay eggs cared for by the remaining workers. Bumble bees have the rare physiological capability (among insects) to thermoregulate (Heinrich 2004). Map is based on A Monograph of the Western Hemisphere Bumblebees by Milliron (1971) as presented in Evans et al. Environment Canada, Ottawa. Science 277:504–509. Cresson, E.T. These reproductive individuals leave the nest and mate. Order: Hymenoptera. Is there a projected continuing decline in number of populations? Biological Conservation 7:301–309. Males and workers have a second abdominal segment that is half reddish–brown and half yellow. It is a medium to large–sized bumble bee with several distinguishing characters. The Rusty–patched Bumble Bee is listed on the Xerces Society’s red–list of pollinator insects as ‘Imperiled’. Behavioural modifications (such as ceasing foraging mid–day in hot weather and fanning of the colony) also aid in temperature regulation. Pywell, C.D. Vermont Center for Ecostudies. Figure divided into 100 x 100 km grid cells. Subgenus Bombus, Canadian Entomologist 100: 156–164. Symbols:  Urban garden   Urban Park   Agricultural field   Sand dune/Beach   Marsh/Bog   Forest   Old Field/Meadow. Thorp, R.W. Parton and M.J. Matteson, K.C., J.S.Ascher and G.A.Langellotto. Are there extreme fluctuations in number of locations. Oryx 41:79–88. The female stinging apparatus and warning colouration provide protection against some predators and humans. These plants are likely among those included in Appendix 1 but other, unrecorded host plant species, may also be negatively impacted by declines in B. affinis populations. These reproductive individuals leave the colony and mate. Gadau and R.E.J. 1975). Compared to some other bumble bees, B. affinis seems to be relatively cold–tolerant and has been found at elevations as high as 1676 m in the southern parts of its range (Canadian National Collection). No good quality images of living Canadian specimens are known for any sex or caste. This is due to the ‘diploid male extinction vortex’ (Zayed and Packer 2005). 2001. This means that as bumble bee populations decrease in size, the frequency of diploid males increases. Journal of Animal Ecology 78:247–252. Raccoons, skunks and other mammals have also been known to eat bumble bee colonies (Breed et al. Unknown, but averaged over the past 30 years the decline would likely have exceeded 30% per decade. Occasionally, B. affinis nests are found above ground, in one incidence inside an abandoned armchair (Macfarlane 1974). Hymenoptera collected near Boston, Mass., with description of a variety of Bombus affinis. Uptake, translocation and metabolism of imidacloprid in plants. Detecting the effects of introduced species: a case study of competition between Apis and Bombus. August 2009. Bombus affinis is a typical primitively eusocial ( i.e., it has queen and worker castes where the workers are the offspring of the queen) bumble bee with annual colonies ( i.e., one year = one generation). It also infects Bombus terrestris (L.) and other Bombus species, Apis mellifera (L.) and Apisflorea (F.). No practical or legal protection exists in Canada or the USA. 2008). Compared to most other insects, bumble bees are quite easily found and identified in the field. Thesis University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada. Landscape and Urban Planning 71: 137–146. Box 3443, Stn. Use of genetic markers to quantify bumblebee foraging range and nest density. It is threatened by disease, pesticides, and habitat fragmentation, each of which could cause extirpation in the near future. Biological Conservation 109:37–45. Using randomization software (Zayed and Grixti 2005), it was determined that by collecting 150 individual bumble bees at each site, there would be a less than 5% chance of missing B. affinis if it was present at historical abundances. Bombus affinis is a typical primitively eusocial (i.e., it has queen and worker castes where the workers are the offspring of the queen) bumble bee with annual colonies (i.e., one year = one generation). Notes on the nesting habits of some of the less common New England bumblebees. Passive dispersal of B. affinis by anthropogenic or other means is unlikely. Queens are large (~2 cm in length) with yellow pile on the thorax and first two abdominal terga (Figure 3). Mated queens emerge from hibernation in the spring after overwintering and begin feeding. Google Arts & Culture features content from over 2000 leading museums and archives who have partnered with the Google Cultural Institute to bring the world's treasures online. The largest colony recorded produced 2,100 individuals in captivity (MacFarlane 1974) but in the wild, colonies are likely much smaller. 2000. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102(30):10742–10746. Family: Apidae. Entomological Society of America, Lanham, MD. The long colony cycle of this species makes it likely to be the primary pollinator for many ecologically and economically important plants (including apple, raspberry, lilac, honeysuckle, hawthorn, nightshade, clover, milkweed, goldenrod and aster). 1995). Mated new queens go into hibernation while all other castes perish. 2006 Genetic sex determination and extinction Trends in Ecology and Evolution 21:55–57. Historically, B. affinis was found throughout the upper Midwest and Northeastern United States. 1975. New queens and drones can be found from late June to September. A male was collected in Pinery Provincial Park in August 2005. Figure 1. Thompson, H.M. and L.V. Discover Life species page Encyclopedia of Life species account Xerces Society species account and pocket ID card. Bequaert, J. Current Biology 18:R682–R683. vi + 34 pp. Given the species’ previously wide distribution in southern Ontario and just across the border in Quebec, its reduction to a single known site would indicate a reduction in EO, IAO and population size of at least two orders of magnitude. In particular, it has been shown to be an excellent pollinator of cranberry (Cane and Schiffauer 2003), plum and apple (Medler and Carney 1963), alfalfa (Holm 1966), and onion (Caron et al. Substrate cycling of fructose 6-phosphate through reactions catalysed by phosphofructokinase and fructose diphosphatase was estimated in bumble-bee (Bombus affinis) flight muscle in vivo. Williams, P.H. © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2010. Smith, S.M. List of the North American species of Bombus and Apathus. Biodiversity and Conservation 17:1379–1391. Sites where Bombus affinis was found historically in Canada, Status review of three formerly common species of bumblebee in the subgenus Bombus (, Subgenus Bombus. Benton, T. 2006. Are there extreme fluctuations in number of populations? Effects of novel pesticides on bumble bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colony health and foraging ability. Designations are made on native species for the following taxonomic groups: mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fishes, arthropods, molluscs, vascular plants, mosses, and lichens. 7-Scutacarus acarorum Bombus affinis lateral mesosoma BMOC-15-0606-023.jpg 1,200 × 1,206; 807 KB Habitat use and conservation of bumblebees (Bombus spp.) Murray, R.J. Paxton, J. Breen, D. Cotton, V. Santorum, and M.J.F. Stage 1, the queen emerges from hibernation and starts new colony by herself.. FEATURES. A thorough study of bumble bee floral host use indicated B. affinis visits at least 65 plant genera (Macfarlane 1974). As the summer progresses, the colony reaches maximum worker production and begins producing males and potential queens. List of forage plant species for B. affinis as compiled in Evans, Appendix 2. 2004; Brimble et al. Members of the subgenus Bombus have evolved a behavioural adaptation known as ‘nectar–robbing’. Shepherd. Bumble bees gather pollen and nectar from a variety of flowering plants. : 819–953–3215 Fax: 819–994–3684 E–mailWebsite. The remaining abdominal segments are completely black. 1927. Canadian Journal of Fish and Aquatic Sciences 61:147–158. There are no data on overwintering habitat for B. affinis but mated queens likely burrow underground, or in rotting logs as do queens of other Bombus species (Macfarlane 1974). Eggs hatch after approximately four days and the small larvae begins to feed on pollen and nectar. 2007. Black. Pupae develop for another two weeks before hatching as full–sized adults. Ecological and life history traits predict bee species responses to environmental disturbances. Mated queens emerge from hibernation in the spring after overwintering and begin feeding. Shared use of flowers leads to horizontal pathogen transmission. Ecology of Bombinae (Hymenoptera: Apidae) of Southern Ontario, with emphasis on their natural enemies and relationships with flowers. Colla, S.R. Zayed, A. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 94:1–11. ‘Pollen–storing’ adults emerge relatively equal in size compared to ‘pocket–making’ bumble bee species, in which workers vary greatly in size due to unequal food distribution within the brood clumps. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 101:880–886. Bregazzi, V., and T. Laverty. Canadian Journal of Zoology–Revue Canadienne De Zoologie 70:1263–1266. comm. Suitable nesting, hibernating and foraging habitat is possibly difficult to find in these regions and is likely in short supply. Funding was provided by Environment Canada. 2008 Does Pathogen Spillover from Commercially Reared Bumble Bees Threaten Wild Pollinators? Laverty, T. Personal communication, 2002. 2004). Comparison of the relative abundance of each bumble bee species collected in Southern Ontario from 1971–1973, Appendix 1. Thomson. Thank you also to the various museum curators for allowing me to examine specimens, especially Steve Marshall at U. of Guelph and Ontario Parks for support during fieldwork. Southern Ontario is the most densely populated region in Canada and thus has much urban sprawl. The number of sex alleles in a population determines the proportion of diploids that are male and is itself determined primarily by the effective size of the population. Given that bumble bees fly in the spring and fall in temperate regions, this internal temperature can be well above ambient temperature. 2007; Evans et al. Fisher, R.M. It is a medium to large-sized bumble bee with several distinguishing characters. Minckley, L. Packer and S.G. Potts. Effective population size of Hymenoptera with complementary sex determination. The neonicotinoids are now commonly used in regions of eastern North America for crop, forest and turf pest control (Cox 2001). Parasites found in commercial colonies have been found in species other than B. impatiens (Macfarlane 1974; Macfarlane et al. See Appendix 2 for list of numbered sites. Very little is known about mating behaviour and colony dynamics in B. affinis. and D.W. Carney. Papadopoulos. 7). REG2001–11. It arose from the need for a single, official, scientifically sound, national listing of wildlife species at risk. There is no reason to consider this species as representing more than one designatable unit. Native bumble bees which may be possible competitors of B. affinis include B. impatiens, B. bimaculatus, B. rufocinctus, B. griseocollis. Climatic variables such as snow cover, precipitation, growing season length, etc., are likely important determinants of suitable habitat for bumble bees. Preston and D. Goulson. 2006. 2004. Cox, C. 2001. Grixti, J.C., L.T.Wong, S.A. Cameron and C. Favret. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), U.S.A. 1994. Reason for designation This species, which has a distinctive colour pattern, was once commonly found throughout southern Ontario. Kirilenko, A., and R.S. In conclusion, Mitchell (1962) likely gave the province of New Brunswick in error and the specimens he was referring to are likely from New Brunswick county in New Jersey, USA. Xerces Society of Invertebrate Conservation Red List Status: ‘Imperiled’ = “At high risk of extinction due to very restricted range, very few populations (often 20 or fewer), steep declines, or other factors”. Pathogen spillover occurs when pathogens spread from a heavily infected ‘reservoir’ host population to a sympatric ‘non–reservoir’ host population (Power and Mitchell 2004). N. bombi was distinguished from A'. They can thus obtain nectar in the absence of floral hosts to which their tongue length is more closely adapted. Report on 2005 Season (Submitted 7 November 2005). This bee was once commonly distributed throughout the east and upper Midwest of the United States, but has declined from an estimated 87% of its historic range in recent years. A rust-red patch on the thorax and first two abdominal terga ( 3... For designation this species is controversial, the status of B. affinis ( such as large bombus affinis life cycle size, frequency... Suffered the declines noted anecdotally evidence for a single queen and workers have been carried out throughout the,. 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